Book on DAFX - Digital Audio Effects Edited by Udo Zölzer ISBN: 0-471-49078-4 John Wiley & Sons, 2002

Chapter 6

D. Rocchesso

This chapter covers the wide field of spatial effects. We start with basic effects such as panorama, the precedence effect, distance and space rendering, the doppler effect and sound trajectories. Then the most important techniques for sound projection are described, both for individual listeners using headphones and for an audience listening through a set of loudspeakers. In natural listening conditions, sounds propagate from a source to a listener modified by the environment. We refer to the kind of processing operated by the environment as reverberation. We will illustrate these kinds of effects and describe audio processing techniques that have been devised to imitate and extend the reverberation that occurs in nature. In the last section we list all the filtering effects that are designed to change the apparent source width, the spaciousness of a sound field, and the directivity of a loudspeaker set.

Contents

• Introduction
• Basic Effects
  • Panorama
  • Precedence Effect
  • Distance and Space Rendering
  • Doppler Effect
  • Sound Trajectories
• 3D with Headphones
  • Localization
  • Interaural differences
  • Externalization
  • Head-Related Transfer Functions
  • Music Applications and Control
• 3D with Loudspeakers
  • Introduction
  • Localization with multiple speakers
  • 3D panning
  • Ambisonics and Holophony
  • Transaural stereo
  • Room-within-the-room model
• Reverberation
  • Acoustic and perceptual foundations
  • Classic reverberation tools
  • Feedback Delay Networks
  • Convolution with Room Impulse Responses
  • Music applications and control
• Spatial Enhancements
  • Stereo enhancement
  • Sound radiation simulation
• Conclusion
• Sound and Music References
• Bibliography

Keywords: Localization, Externalization, Head-related Transfer Functions, Three-dimensional Acoustics, Headphones, Loudspeakers, Reverberation, Spatial Enhancements, Sound Systems

Contents